The impact of wind?waves and sea level rise on the morphodynamics of a sandy estuarine shoal

Intertidal shoals are pronounced morphological features found in many estuaries worldwide. Apart from maintaining an ecologically unique intertidal environment, also protect adjacent dyke systems by attenuating waves. The fate of sandy under anticipated sea level rise (SLR) scenarios is underexplored. current research investigates the long-term morphodynamic evolution estuarine forcing short fetch, locally generated wind-waves, tides, and SLR means a numerical, process-based model (Delft3D). focus lies on sheltered shoal complex Western Scheldt, Netherlands. Starting initial, 1963 bathymetry, we 50-year development with schematized wind-wave forcing. We analyze detail impact wind-waves formation. Finally, impose regional 1.10 m 1.95 for 100 years. Model results show that, spatial scale flats, small, lower widen while channels deepen. However, system scale, do not lead to fundamentally different channel–shoal patterns trends. This suggests that formation mainly due tide residual sediment transports, playing secondary role. leads notable area loss, despite continuous heightening shoals, implying adaptation lags behind SLR. inclusion does change reaction Future may exploring including multiple classes.